Forscher der “Barcelona Autonomous University’s Peace Culture School” haben Anfang 2006 eine Evaluierung der 2005 stattgefundenen Projekte zur Demobilisierung, Entwaffnung und Integration (DDR) ehemaliger Soldaten und Milizionäre vorgenommen (”Analysis of DDR programmes in the World during 2005″).
Nachtrag: Diese Berichte werden jährlich erstellt und sind auf dieser Seite abrufbar. Dort gibt es auch kurze “Briefings” zu jedem einzelnen Land.
Ihr Bericht ist lesenswert, wenn auch angesichts des umfassenden, weil globalen, Untersuchungsgegenstandes sehr überschaubar. Interessant ist v.a. auch der Anhang I mit dem vielsagenden Titel: “Lessons learnt: 150 aspects not to be repeated”. Bei jedem dieser Fehler bzw. Probleme werden eines oder mehrere Länder angegeben, wo es aufgetreten ist. Man kann sich das auch einfach nach Ländern sortieren und so einen schnellen Überblick verschaffen, was in dem jeweiligen Land beim DDR-Programm 2009 schief gegangen ist. Ich habe das z.B. mal für Afghanistan gemacht.
• Refusal of many militia leaders to submit to the process. It is estimated that there are 850 groups, with some 65,000 militia, that have not participated in the process.
(Afghanistan)
• A considerable number of ex-combatants seem to have been forced to participate in these programmes. (Afghanistan)
• Evidence that several “warlords” who have participated in the DDR have kept weapons for their own interests, and continue to control the drugs business, despite the preferential treatment they have received. (Afghanistan)
• Extortion of several leaders of their combatants. (Afghanistan)
• Initial lack of information and/or exaggeration of the number of combatants (in order to obtain more economic resources) and subsequent disagreements about the number of troops in each group, faced with the possibility of the existence of the phenomenon of “ghost combatants”. (Afghanistan, Burundi, Cambodia, Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, and DR Congo)
• Delay in salary payments for those demobilised (Afghanistan, Cambodia and Guinea-Bissau).
• Limited collection of the money promised. (Afghanistan, Somalia and Sudan)
• Difficulties in reintegration because of the country’s limited economic expansion. In addition, in some areas an excess of professional training has been detected for the same job, which has forced many ex-combatants on the programme to emigrate to be able to have greater possibilities of finding work. (Afghanistan)
• Little attention paid to ex-combatant women (Afghanistan and Angola)
• Little emphasis on the collection of light weapons. Handing in of very old weapons and the perception of collective and not individual weapons. (Afghanistan)
• Presence of drug trafficking. (Afghanistan, Colombia)
• Use of combatants by private security companies. (Afghanistan)
• The division of work in the reform of the security system has produced a certain amount of poor coordination. (Afghanistan)
• Disagreement between the U.S. and UNAMA regarding the low involvement of the former in the DDR. (Afghanistan)
• The new police force is more interested in protecting the State than the civil population. (Afghanistan)
• General impunity in almost all the processes
Für Guinea-Bissau ergibt sich folgende Liste:
• Delay in implementing the programme (Guinea-Bissau)
• Delay in completing the census of the military to be demobilised. (Guinea-Bissau)
• Delay in salary payments for those demobilised (Afghanistan, Cambodia and Guinea-Bissau).
• Some donors suspended their contributions. (Guinea-Bissau)
• Part of the resources for 2000 (0.5 million dollars) were diverted for other Government expenses. (Guinea-Bissau)
• Poor operation of the Area Reintegration Councils in the reintegration phase. (Guinea-Bissau)
• Deterioration of the security situation in the middle of the process. (Guinea-Bissau)
• Political instability (Guinea-Bissau)
Auch die Zusammenfassung des ganzen Berichts ist Stichwortartig und soll hier noch wiedergegeben werden:
SUMMARY
o The DDR should be a process that dignifies those intervening in it.
o It should be one component of a broader peace building strategy.
o It involves political, security, humanitarian and socio-economic factors.
o It should benefit the civil population as a whole.
o It should prevent future outbreaks of violence, free resources and contribute to reconciliation.
o The acting parties intervening in DDRs are of a widely different makeup.
o Not all DDRs are the result of a previous peace process.
o The real beginning of a DDR usually takes place several months after the signing of a peace agreement.
o In 2005, more than a million people benefited from DDR programmes in 20 counties.
o Two thirds of the people who have entered these programmes belong to African countries.
o 42% of the combatants demobilised are Armed Forces, 37% militia, 14% guerrillas and 6% paramilitaries.
o There are DDRs for paramilitary groups in four countries.
o Except for Colombia, in other countries the demobilisation of paramilitary groups has occurred in parallel with the demobilisation of militias, guerrillas and armed forces, and as a result of global political agreements.
o The cost of United Nations peacekeeping operations in the eight countries where there are also DDRs, is almost double the total cost of the 20 DDR programmes.
o When all the confronting parties agree to the cessation of hostilities and the beginning of a new political cycle, a psychosocial context may be produced that encourages amnesty, forgiving and reconciliation.
o In the other cases, as in Colombia, the aforementioned context cannot develop to the same extent, since the cycle of violence has not been completely closed.
o In all the contexts where there are DDRs, there exist precedents for a process of this type.
o In the majority of cases, a National Commission for the DDR (NCDDR) has been created.
o When one of the requirements for accepting the option of a DDR is the possession and handing over of weapons, various groups can be excluded from the demobilisation.
o It is common for between 8 and 10% of demobilised people to be minors.
o Women are often excluded from DDR processes.
o Many programmes are planned without knowing exactly the number of beneficiaries.
o The average cost per person of a DDR is equivalent to 4.7 times the average income per inhabitant of the country.
o The 20 existing programmes have a total cost of 1,900 million dollars, at an average of $1,686 per person.
o The majority of DDRs are carried out in the planet’s poorest countries.
o The initial disarmament and demobilisation phase takes up between 5 and 15% of the total budget.
o The World Bank is the body that concentrates the greatest investment in DDR programmes. The EU is the second financing organism.
o By country, Japan is the country that has collaborated with the largest amount of aid, followed by the U.S., the Netherlands, Canada and the United Kingdom.
o Generally speaking, a DDR programme lasts 3½ years. The disarmament and demobilisation phase usually lasts a few months. The rehabilitation and reintegration phases tend to last two years.
o There exists a certain lack of control and limited monitoring of the final destination of the weapons collected.
o The average percentage is of one weapon handed in for every two people demobilised.